PhotoMoto: Design and Details of Padma Bridge Bangladesh

Bridge Length, which was decided by the river study

Paturia-Goalundo= 6.5 km

Mawa-Janjira =6.2 km

Applicable Bridge Types over 100m Span Length

Concrete Bridge: PC Continuous Box, Extradosed, Cable-stayed

Steel Bridge: Steel Continuous Box, Cable-stayed

Foundation Types

Steel Tubular Driven Piles, Cast-in-situ RC Piles, RC Caissons

Cost-Span Relation

Minimum cost would be at approx. 200m span length.

Favorable Bridge Types and Span Length

PC extradosed girder bridge or PC cable-stayed girder bridge would be the most favorable bridge type from the view points of construction cost, maintenance cost, etc. Favorable span lengths will be further examined in a rage of 150m to 250m.

Timing of Submission

Main Contents

Inception Report

June 2003

-Scope, methodology and implementation plan of the Study

Progress Report 1

September 2003

Selection of the bridge location alternatives, Traffic demand projection

Interim Report

March 2004

-Results of Preliminary Engineering Studies
- Results of IEE and SIA
- Decision of the Bridge Location

Progress Report 2

September 2004

-Design criteria and design standards
-Comparative analysis, preliminary design and construction plan

Draft Final Report

January 2005

-All Study results

Final Report

March 2005

- All study results, reflecting comments by the Bangladeshi Government

Findings of Progress report - 1

Four alternative bridge sites were identified as alternative locations in the following areas:

Site-1	:	Paturia-Goalundo
Site-2	:	Dohar-Charbhadrasan
Site-3	:	Mawa-Janjira
Site-4	:	Chandpur-Bhedarganj

-Four alternative locations were examined from the view points of existing transport of the project area, traffic demand forecast, preliminary river study and technical consideration in highway planning, preliminary bridge planning, environmental & social consideration.

-JICA study team considers site-1 and site-3 to be most advantageous for a new fixed crossing and recommends these sites for further study until Interim report.


	Findings of the Interim report Basic Policy of the Feasible Study:

			Main Function of Padma Bridge
			Location of Padma Bridge
			Socio-Economic Impacts of Padma Bridge
			Associated Road Development Project
			Associated Road Development Project
			Impact of Macro Balance of the Country
			Private Sector Participation

	Study Items completed by Progress Report (1)

			Collection & Review of Existing Data, Information and Reports related to the Study
			Identification of Conceivable Bridge Crossing Sites
			Traffic Survey & Traffic Demand Forecast
			Preliminary River Study
			Preliminary Technical Consideration of Highway & Bridge Planning
			Preliminary Environment & Social Condition
			Screening of Alternatives

	The Study Items completed by Interim Report

			Engineering Survey
			Preliminary River Facility Design
			Preparatory Preliminary Study for Bridge & Highway
			IEE
			SIA & Resettlement Issue
			Economic Effect & Preliminary Feasibility

	Findings from Geotechnical Investigation

		Difference of Subsoil Conditions between 2 Sites
			N-values of SPT at Mawa-Janjira site are higher than those at Paturia-Goalundo site.

		Horizontal Ground Reaction
			As the coefficients of horizontal ground reaction in the bored holes showed relatively smaller values, such characteristics would have to be considered in the preliminary design of foundations.

		Liquefaction
			Paturia-Goalundo site has high potential risks of liquefaction when sever earthquake takes place. On the other hand, Mawa - Janjira site has lesser potential risks of the same.

Finding (1 )
			N -values of SPT at Mawa-Janjira site are higher than those at Paturia-Goalundo. Main reason of this result might come from the subsoil composition at Paturia - Goalund that consists of relatively singular particle size distribution of fine sand.

Finding (2)
			Below maximum scour levels El -40m PWD, N-values of SPT at Mawa-Janjira are higher than those at Paturia-Goalundo.

Finding (3)
			From the pressure - meter tests in situ bored holes, the following relation was obtained:
				Em=4.52N
			Where, N:N-value of SPT
				Em: Coefficient of horizontal ground reaction
			Ref.: Em+7N.....Design specification of Highway Bridges adopted by JRA.
			Em=7n

Finding (4)
			As a result of liquefaction analysis, there is no potential risk of liquefaction at Mawa-Janjira site.
			On the other hand , there is some protential risks of liquefaction at Paturia-Goalundo site in some depts either before or after scour.

Preparatory Study for Preliminary Design on Bridge

Bridge Length, which was decided by the river study

Paturia-Goalundo= 6.5 km
Mawa-Janjira =6.2 km

Applicable Bridge Types over 100m Span Length

Concrete Bridge: PC Continuous Box, Extradosed, Cable-stayed

Steel Bridge: Steel Continuous Box, Cable-stayed

Foundation Types

Steel Tubular Driven Piles, Cast-in-situ RC Piles, RC Caissons

Cost-Span Relation

Minimum cost would be at approx. 200m span length.

Favorable Bridge Types and Span Length

Initial Environmental Examinations (IEE)

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) was conducted for the two preferred sites to identify the significant environmental impacts

A tailor made project specific 6 step template was developed exclusively for this project and applied for two sites

For the two sites, most of the impacts are found to be similar

There is no significant advantage of one site over other

SIA and Resettlement Issues

SIA was conducted for two alternative sites to ascertain the likely impacts of :

Land acquisition

Local response to the project

Resettlement needs of the potentially affected persons

Survey Results

Estimated amount of land to be acquired is almost same (about 1,250 ha ) in both cases

The number of affected households / structure varies due to differences in population density

Current estimate suggests:-

Mawa - Janjira

70,000 to 80,000

Paturia - Goalundo

40,000 to 45,000

Estimated LA and resettlement cost for M-J site is $39 million, and G-P is $24 million

The Study Team found strong support to the project at both locations

Traffic Study and Economic Analysis (Main Work Items)

Traffic Surveys (Traffic counts, OD Survey)

Establishment of Future Socioeconomic Framework (Population, GDP, GRDP)

Traffic Demand Forecast (Target year 2025)

Confirmation of Economic Feasibility

Economic Impacts of the Padma Bridge

Improvement of Accessibility

Regional Economic Development

Formation of International Road Network

Summary of Comparisons of Two Sites from traffic and Economic Point of View

Evaluation Criteria		Paturia-Goalundo	Mawa-Janjira
Traffic Demand (2025)		19,850 vehicles/day	41,550 vehicles/day
Economic Feasibility		EIRR=9.6%	EIRR=16.9%
Financial Project Cost (Million US$)		1,260	1,074
Improvement of Accessibility	(Travel time) Dhaka - Mongla Dhaka - Benapole (Beneficiary Population) Within 3 hours from Dhaka Within 4 hours from Dhaka	4.5 hours 4.6 hours 2,791,000 (9%) 12,738,000 (42%)	3.6 hours 3.6 hours 10,417,000 (35%) 22,247,000 (74%)
Density of Feeder Roads		No big difference
Formation of International Road Network			Asian Highway A-1. Short distance to Benapole Land Port and Mongla Sea Port
Regional Economic Development		GDP of Southwest region will increase by 18% (1.2% /year)	GDP of Southwest region will increase by 35% (2.3% /year)
Growth centers around the bridge sites		No big difference

Indicative Cost

Paturia - Goalundo	Mawa - Janjira
US$ 1,260 million	US$ 1,074 million

Evaluation of P-G & M-J sites

Evaluation Criteria		Paturia - Goalundo	Mawa - Janjira
Economic Feasibility	EIRR	9.6%	16.9%
	B/C Ratio	0.71	1.81
	NPV (Mil.Taka)	-9,857	23,140
Regional Development	Increase of GRDP of Southwest Region	18% up (1.2% per year)	35% up (2.3% per year)
Environmental Impact	Result of IEE	No big difference
Social impact and Resettlement Issues	Households requiring relocation	1,842	2,635
	Community structures affected	18	60
	Total population affected (both direct and indirect)	40,000-45,000	70,000-80,000
	Preliminary RAP cost	23.7 mil. US$	38.79 mil. US$

RIVER TRAINING WORKS (RTW)

Types of RTW: Guide Bund works (GBW),abutment protection works (APW) and bank protection works (BPW).

GBW: To guide river flow to the bridge opening and to protect bridge abutment and approach road from erosion.

APW: To protect bridge abutment from erosion.

BPW: To ensure the functions of the GBW and APW by maintaining present flow conditions around the bridge sites.

ALTERNATIVES SCHEMES

For RTW on Left Bank: Two alternative measures
(1) GBW facing to Padma river, or
(2) APW behind the less erodible riverbank (1km apart considering possible erosion during 100 years in future)

For RTW on Right Bank: GBW facing to Padma River were proposed, since no reliable stable bank for abutment could not be found on the right bank according to the erodibility study.

Alternative Schemes: In combination with the left and right RTW mentioned above, two alternative schemes with same functions were established each for PG-site and MJ-site.

BPW: The BPW were also planned for each site considering respective site conditions.

SELECTION OF OPTIMUM SITE

RTW in combination of GBW(R), APW(L) and BPW are proposed for both PG- and MJ- sites.

Construction Cost: According to the preliminary cost estimate, MJ-site requires less construction cost than PJ-site.

0ptimum Site: The optimum site will be finally proposed afterward considering economic, social and environmental aspects as well as the engineering aspect.

Steps of Environmental Study

Initial Environmental Assessment for Padma River eco-system particularly for four alternative sites

Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for two preferred sites (reporting in Interim Report)

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the selected site

Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Objectives of IEE

To identify the significant environmental impacts

Prepare Scope of EIA

Prepare a preliminary EMP with cost estimates

Features of the IEE Study

Impact area is considered as 10,000 km2

ROW is considered as 60m and Bridge landing site requirement is assumed as 6 km2

Secondary data was collected on related parameters

Primary data was collected by questionnaire survey, reconnaissance, and discussion with local people.

Assessment Procedure

A tailor project specific 6 step template was developed and applied

Environmental parameters are identified with rational

Numerical weightage values are decided with justification

Project specific mitigation guidelines are prepared

Impact analysis template is used

An impact rating template is employed (screening)

A Leopold graded impact matrix is applied

Impact Assessment

40 parameters used for screening

There are 8 positive impacts

No impacts for 8 parameters

There are 24 negative impacts (befort mitigation)

There are 14 negative impacts after mitigation (however, impact will be reduced much)

Impact Comparison

For two sites, most of the impacts are similar

More erosion/siltation at Paturia site

More water bodies loss at Paturia site

More fisheries loss at Paturia site

More homestead loss at Mawa site

More Income loss at Mawa site

More split of communities at Mawa site

There is no significant advantage of one site over other

Scoping of EIA

(as Identified in IEE)

Erosion and siltation (including regional hydrology and drainage congestion)

Agricultural / vegetation loss (including plant cutting)

Fisheries (including water bodies)

Wildlife

Land acquisition (including split of communities)

Resettlement (including Income loss)

Navigation

Road accident

Air, noise and vibration pollution

Preliminary EMP

A rough cost estimates show that the EMP requirement will be between 2 and 3 million US$ (the EMP cost for the Jamuna Bridge was about 3 million US$)

However the cost requirement variation between the two sites is insignificant

SIA & Resettlement Issues

Objectives of the SIA

SIA was conducted for two alternative sites -
(I) Mawa / janjira and (II) Paturia / Goalundo

Planned and carried out to ascertain the likely impacts of

-Land acquisition
-Local response to the project
-Resettlement needs of the potential APs

Primary objectives were to

-Develop comparative SIA of the two alternatives
-Preliminary Cost estimates
- Develop social/ resettlement criteria for site selection

SIA was not designed for a full scale resettlement study

SIA Methodology

Conducted over two months (Nov / Dec 2003)

Similar ecological and socioeconomic features

Methodology adopted include

-
-

Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA)
Focus Group Discussion (FGD)

Meetings with local govt. officials/community leaders

Sample survey using structured questionnaire

200 heads of households were interviewed

SIA – Survey Results

•

Impacts of Land Acquisition

•

Estimated amount of LA is same in both sites

Mawa / janjira

1272 ha

Paturia / Daulatdia

1239 ha

impact on households/ population varies

M/J

2,635 hhs (13,204 APs)

P/G

1,842 hhs (8,732 APs)

These numbers limited to affected hhs requiring relocation

Those affected by loss of land are not Included

Jamuna experience - three times higher than those requiring relocation

SIA – Survey Results

Loss of residential /commercial structure
Mawa /Janjira - 2635 units
Paturia / Goalundo - 1842 units

Close to 80% of the units are made of

straw / bamboo, Cl sheet/tile roof - can easily be dismantled and moved

Community structures /facilities will also be affected - (I) M/J - 60, and (ii) P/G - 18

SIA – Observations

Total population affected (directly and indirectly) may run into:

Mawa - 70,000-80,000
Paturia - 40,000-45,000

Impacts surely will be greater than currently understood

More accurate assessment will be possible only after the site is selected and preliminary design available

Awareness and Response to the Project

Local people are fairly aware of the impacts of LA & Resettlement Impacts

Also Informed about donor policies due to the Jamuna and Southwest Road Projects

Association and lobby groups have been established at both crossings for selection of their favored sites

Strong support to the project

- Improved transportation
- Business and new income opportunities
- Control of riverbank erosion
- Opportunities for regional industrial development

Resettlement and Preferred Options

Survey included questions with regard to choices and preferred options

(i) Mawa / Janjira - 75% of those Interviewed prefer
relocation on their own (self -relocation)
(ii) Paturia / Goalundo - 96% indicated their preferences for self-relocation
Over all, there will be limited demand for resettlement site development

Cost estimate - too early for an accurate cost estimate: M-j $39 million; P-G $24 million

Review and analysis of the Findings

SIA data should be treated as indicative of the potential impacts

The data is generally in line with the pre-feasibility study

A more extensive survey to be carried out for the selected site

The detailed information would be crucial for preparing the RAP

Criteria for Final Site Selection

Preliminary results shows greater impacts In Mawa-Janjira over
Paturia site

Site selection should be more on technical - engineering grounds-future safety of the bridge infrastructure

Major Impacts of the project - Irrespective of sites

Selection of Final site Is critical to set the next agenda preparation of RAP

Task would be to minimize Impact, develop Improved policy for mitigation of adverse Impacts, management and capacity building for resettlement management

Experience of the Jamuna and other donor-funded projects will be used In the planning and Implementation of RAP for Padma

Traffic Demand Forecast of
the Padma Bridge

Traffic Volumes across Padma River
(both ways 2003: From Traffic Survey)

	Paturia-Goalundo	Mawa-Charjanjat	Cross-Padma Total
Light Vehicle	572	128	700
Bus	687	227	914
Truck	1,217	78	1,295
Total	2,476	433	2,909
Launch Passenger	15,559	9,126	24,685

Present Traffic Movement Pattern

At present, traffic at Mawa is lower than Paturia due to the following reasons:

1) Road condition of NH 8 is now very poor.

2) A narrow approach road to the Mawa ghat.

3) Quality of ferry services at Mawa is lower than Paturia in general.

4) No sufficient parking space for trucks.

5) Two hour river crossing time at Mawa is significantly longer than 35 minutes of Paturia.

Future Traffic Movement Pattern

Future traffic movement pattern will be drastically changed if the Padma Bridge is constructed at Mawa with following reasons:

1) Improvement of NH 8 (Dhaka - Khulna Road Project by ADB) will be completed by the end of 2004.

2) Direct road link from Dhaka for the largest traffic demands to Khulna and Jcssore.

3) Elimination of two hour crossing time.

Quantification of Benefits

1) Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC) Savings

2) Travel Time Cost (TTC) Savings

3) Freight Value Deterioration Savings

4) Ferry Operation Cost Savings

5) Traffic Accident Savings

6) Air Pollution (C02,NOx) Reduction

7) Benefits from Utility Facilities

8) Land Enhancement Benefits

Preliminary Economic Evaluation

- Evaluation period : 30 years

- Opportunity Cost of Capital : 12 %

Tentative results: 1) EIRR: Paturia = 9.6%

Mawa = 16.9%

Relationship Between GRDP and Travel Time to / from Dhaka

[Model]

Ln (G)=3.0453-0.5482 Ln (T)+Q.4926 Ln (F)

where: (R=0.902)
G=Gross Regional Domestic Product/kM2
T=Time to Dhaka from districts in Southwest region (hours)
F=Density of feeder roads (km/kM2)

Estimated Impact on Economic Growth
in
Southwest Region (Growth of GRDP)

	Paturia	Mawa
SW region	18% up (1.2%/year)	35% up (2.3%/year)
Bangladesh	4% up	7% up

Conclusion

From the result of the engineering studies, the economic feasibility including costs for social and resettlement issues and future effect on GRDP growth in Southwest Region, the best bridge site is concluded at Maws - Janjira .

Findings of Progress report - 2

This report mainly deals with

-Natural condition survey such as topographic survey, geotechnical investigation, river
Morphology & mathematical modeling

-Preliminary design of Padma Bridge, approach roads, toll plaza, service area, minor Bridges, underpass, riverbank protection works public utilities etc.

-Operation & Maintenance plan of Padma Bridge

-Construction plan & procedure of preliminary cost estimate

-Environmental study & social impact & resettlement study

Design Criteria & standards

The preliminary design in the study would be conducted on the basis of Asian Highway (AH) standards and Roads & Highways Department (RHD) standards. RHD standards are similar to AASHTO standards. Standards adopted by Japan Road Association (JRA), BSI and Indian Road Congress (IRC) would be used as supplementary ones.

Parameters related to River Engineering

Water levels:
Design High Water Level( 100 year return period)	:	DHWL=+7.35m PWD
Standard High Water Level	:	SHWL=+5.81m PWD
Mean Water Level	:	MWL=+3.02m PWD
Standard Low Water Level	:	SLWL=+1.43m PWD

Water Discharge and velocity:
Design Discharge( 100 year return period)	:	Qd=134,400m3/sec
Design Water velocity( 100 year return period)	:	Vd=4.6m/sec

Scour Levels:
Adjacent to Riverbank ( 100 year return period) 300m from riverbank	:	Zs=-37.56m PWD
In middle of river( 100 year return period)	:	Zs=-23.63m PWD

Reasons for review on bridge types, span-cost relation of Interim

Bridge width was changed from 17.2m in the interim report to 21.5m in this report

In the interim report foundation stability was examined based on the ship collision force 23.3 MN, which is slightly refined 23.7 MN in this report.

In the interim report current market prices in Japan were used for estimating the indicative cost of steel girder bridge (US$5,000/ton including materials, fabrication, transport, erection). It would have to be re-estimating taking into consideration the possible case of internationally prevailing market prices (US$3,800/ton including materials, fabrication, transport, erection).

Girder Depths and Bridge lengths

Bridge Type	Girder Depth at mid span	Aprox. Bridge length
PC Box Girder(Span 160m)	4.8m	5,680m
PC Extradosed(Span 180m)	3.3m	5,580m
PC Cable Stayed(Span 200m)	1.8	5,480m


Indicative cost by Bridge type without Railway

Bridge Type	Unit cost/m	Bridge length	Indicative cost
PC Box Girder(Span 160m)	US$99,010	5,680m	562 million US$
PC Extradoses(Span 180m)	US$91,620	5,580m	511 million US$
PC Cable Stayed(Span 200m)	US$109,640	5,480m	601 million US$

Reduced river widths by bridge type

Bridge Type	Number of Piers in the river	Pier width per each	Reduced river width	% Reduced river width
PC Box Girder(Span 160m)	34	15.0m	510m	9.6%
PC Extradoses(Span 180m)	31	15.0m	465m	8.8%
PC Cable Stayed(Span 200m)	28	16.20m	454m	8.6%

Present river width in 2004=approx. 5,300m

Total Bridge length
Padma main bridge	: 5,400m
Left(North) bank Viaduct	: 60m
Right(South) bank Viaduct	: 120m
Total tength	: 5,580m

Specific bridge type and alternatives for preliminary design

PC extradosed girder Type Bridge has been selected for the main bridge structure of the Padma Bridge from the view points of less construction cost, aesthetics and river aspect. In addition Bangladesh side requested the study team to include alternative options that has cable stayed girder at the center portion of approximately 800m in length. As a result the following five alternatives will be examined in the preliminary design of the study:


Alternative-1(Base case)	:	PC extradosed girder bridge without railway provision
Alternative-2	:	PC extradosed girder bridge with cable stayed girder at bridge center portion without railway provision
Alternative-3	:	PC extradosed girder bridge with railway provision
Alternative-4	:	PC extradosed girder bridge with cable stayed girder at bridge center portion with railway provision
Alternative-5	:	PC extradosed girder bridge with minimum investment case